Revisiting the impact of energy consumption, foreign direct investment, and geopolitical risk on CO2 emissions: Comparing developed and developing countries

نویسندگان

چکیده

A growing body of literature probes the impact geopolitical risk (GPR) on CO 2 emissions. However, no study compares findings in case developed and developing countries. Hence, this aims to probe GPR emissions for selected countries while controlling energy consumption, foreign direct investment, economic growth. For purpose, we make use a panel dataset covering period 1990–2020. In long-run, report that Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis exists Next, pollution haven is validated long-run. Also, escalates short-run, are found invalid. Moreover, impedes both Further, consumption upsurges across all samples (i.e., either or countries) its short- The heterogeneous long- countries, propose formulate unalike policies with different levels income.

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ژورنال

عنوان ژورنال: Frontiers in Environmental Science

سال: 2022

ISSN: ['2296-665X']

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.985384